Dia Health Dictionary

Usually defined as the passage of three or more liquid motions within 24 hours. However, for exclusivelybreast-fed infants this may not be satisfactory and the definition is usually based upon what the mother considers to be diarrhoea.... diarrhoea

The process of determining health status and the factors responsible for producing it. It may be applied to an individual, family, group or community. The term is applied both to the process of determination and to its findings. See also “principal diagnosis”.... diagnosis

Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterised by a raised concentration of glucose in the blood due to a de?ciency in the production and/or action of INSULIN, a pancreatic hormone made in special cells called the islet cells of Langerhans.

Insulin-dependent and non-insulindependent diabetes have a varied pathological pattern and are caused by the interaction of several genetic and environmental factors.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (juvenile-onset diabetes, type 1 diabetes) describes subjects with a severe de?ciency or absence of insulin production. Insulin therapy is essential to prevent KETOSIS – a disturbance of the body’s acid/base balance and an accumulation of ketones in the tissues. The onset is most commonly during childhood, but can occur at any age. Symptoms are acute and weight loss is common.

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (maturity-onset diabetes, type 2 diabetes) may be further sub-divided into obese and non-obese groups. This type usually occurs after the age of 40 years with an insidious onset. Subjects are often overweight and weight loss is uncommon. Ketosis rarely develops. Insulin production is reduced but not absent.

A new hormone has been identi?ed linking obesity to type 2 diabetes. Called resistin – because of its resistance to insulin – it was ?rst found in mice but has since been identi?ed in humans. Researchers in the United States believe that the hormone may, in part, explain how obesity predisposes people to diabetes. Their hypothesis is that a protein in the body’s fat cells triggers insulin resistance around the body. Other research suggests that type 2 diabetes may now be occurring in obese children; this could indicate that children should be eating a more-balanced diet and taking more exercise.

Diabetes associated with other conditions (a) Due to pancreatic disease – for example, chronic pancreatitis (see PANCREAS, DISORDERS OF); (b) secondary to drugs – for example, GLUCOCORTICOIDS (see PANCREAS, DISORDERS OF); (c) excess hormone production

– for example, growth hormone (ACROMEGALY); (d) insulin receptor abnormalities; (e) genetic syndromes (see GENETIC DISORDERS).

Gestational diabetes Diabetes occurring in pregnancy and resolving afterwards.

Aetiology Insulin-dependent diabetes occurs as a result of autoimmune destruction of beta cells within the PANCREAS. Genetic in?uences are important and individuals with certain HLA tissue types (HLA DR3 and HLA DR4) are more at risk; however, the risks associated with the HLA genes are small. If one parent has IDDM, the risk of a child developing IDDM by the age of 25 years is 1·5–2·5 per cent, and the risk of a sibling of an IDDM subject developing diabetes is about 3 per cent.

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes has no HLA association, but the genetic in?uences are much stronger. The risks of developing diabetes vary with di?erent races. Obesity, decreased exercise and ageing increase the risks of disease development. The risk of a sibling of a NIDDM subject developing NIDDM up to the age of 80 years is 30–40 per cent.

Diet Many NIDDM diabetics may be treated with diet alone. For those subjects who are overweight, weight loss is important, although often unsuccessful. A diet high in complex carbohydrate, high in ?bre, low in fat and aiming towards ideal body weight is prescribed. Subjects taking insulin need to eat at regular intervals in relation to their insulin regime and missing meals may result in hypoglycaemia, a lowering of the amount of glucose in the blood, which if untreated can be fatal (see below).

Oral hypoglycaemics are used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes in addition to diet, when diet alone fails to control blood-sugar levels. (a) SULPHONYLUREAS act mainly by increasing the production of insulin;

(b) BIGUANIDES, of which only metformin is available, may be used alone or in addition to sulphonylureas. Metformin’s main actions are to lower the production of glucose by the liver and improve its uptake in the peripheral tissues.

Complications The risks of complications increase with duration of disease.

Diabetic hypoglycaemia occurs when amounts of glucose in the blood become low. This may occur in subjects taking sulphonylureas or insulin. Symptoms usually develop when the glucose concentration falls below 2·5 mmol/l. They may, however, occur at higher concentrations in subjects with persistent hyperglycaemia – an excess of glucose – and at lower levels in subjects with persistent hypo-glycaemia. Symptoms include confusion, hunger and sweating, with coma developing if blood-sugar concentrations remain low. Re?ned sugar followed by complex carbohydrate will return the glucose concentration to normal. If the subject is unable to swallow, glucagon may be given intramuscularly or glucose intravenously, followed by oral carbohydrate, once the subject is able to swallow.

Although it has been shown that careful control of the patient’s metabolism prevents late complications in the small blood vessels, the risk of hypoglycaemia is increased and patients need to be well motivated to keep to their dietary and treatment regime. This regime is also very expensive. All risk factors for the patient’s cardiovascular system – not simply controlling hyperglycaemia – may need to be reduced if late complications to the cardiovascular system are to be avoided.

Diabetes is one of the world’s most serious health problems. Recent projections suggest that the disorder will affect nearly 240 million individuals worldwide by 2010 – double its prevalence in 1994. The incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes is rising in young children; they will be liable to develop late complications.

Although there are complications associated with diabetes, many subjects live normal lives and survive to an old age. People with diabetes or their relatives can obtain advice from Diabetes UK (www.diabetes.org.uk).

Increased risks are present of (a) heart disease, (b) peripheral vascular disease, and (c) cerebrovascular disease.

Diabetic eye disease (a) retinopathy, (b) cataract. Regular examination of the fundus enables any abnormalities developing to be detected and treatment given when appropriate to preserve eyesight.

Nephropathy Subjects with diabetes may develop kidney damage which can result in renal failure.

Neuropathy (a) Symmetrical sensory polyneuropathy; damage to the sensory nerves that commonly presents with tingling, numbness of pain in the feet or hands. (b) Asymmetrical motor diabetic neuropathy, presenting as progressive weakness and wasting of the proximal muscles of legs. (c) Mononeuropathy; individual motor or sensory nerves may be affected. (d) Autonomic neuropathy, which affects the autonomic nervous system, has many presentations including IMPOTENCE, diarrhoea or constipation and postural HYPOTENSION.

Skin lesions There are several skin disorders associated with diabetes, including: (a) necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, characterised by one or more yellow atrophic lesions on the legs;

(b) ulcers, which most commonly occur on the feet due to peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy and infection. Foot care is very important.

Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when there is insu?cient insulin present to prevent KETONE production. This may occur before the diagnosis of IDDM or when insu?cient insulin is being given. The presence of large amounts of ketones in the urine indicates excess ketone production and treatment should be sought immediately. Coma and death may result if the condition is left untreated.

Symptoms Thirst, POLYURIA, GLYCOSURIA, weight loss despite eating, and recurrent infections (e.g. BALANITIS and infections of the VULVA) are the main symptoms.

However, subjects with non-insulindependent diabetes may have the disease for several years without symptoms, and diagnosis is often made incidentally or when presenting with a complication of the disease.

Treatment of diabetes aims to prevent symptoms, restore carbohydrate metabolism to as near normal as possible, and to minimise complications. Concentration of glucose, fructosamine and glycated haemoglobin in the blood are used to give an indication of blood-glucose control.

Insulin-dependent diabetes requires insulin for treatment. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes may be treated with diet, oral HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS or insulin.

Insulin All insulin is injected – mainly by syringe but sometimes by insulin pump – because it is inactivated by gastrointestinal enzymes. There are three main types of insulin preparation: (a) short action (approximately six hours), with rapid onset; (b) intermediate action (approximately 12 hours); (c) long action, with slow onset and lasting for up to 36 hours. Human, porcine and bovine preparations are available. Much of the insulin now used is prepared by genetic engineering techniques from micro-organisms. There are many regimens of insulin treatment involving di?erent combinations of insulin; regimens vary depending on the requirements of the patients, most of whom administer the insulin themselves. Carbohydrate intake, energy expenditure and the presence of infection are important determinants of insulin requirements on a day-to-day basis.

A new treatment for diabetes, pioneered in Canada and entering its preliminary clinical trials in the UK, is the transplantation of islet cells of Langerhans from a healthy person into a patient with the disorder. If the transplantation is successful, the transplanted cells start producing insulin, thus reducing or eliminating the requirement for regular insulin injections. If successful the trials would be a signi?cant advance in the treatment of diabetes.

Scientists in Israel have developed a drug, Dia Pep 277, which stops the body’s immune system from destroying pancratic ? cells as happens in insulin-dependent diabetes. The drug, given by injection, o?ers the possibility of preventing type 1 diabetes in healthy people at genetic risk of developing the disorder, and of checking its progression in affected individuals whose ? cells are already perishing. Trials of the drug are in progress.... diabetes mellitus

A drug which induces perspiration... diaphoretic

Diabetes insipidus is a relatively rare condition and must be di?erentiated from DIABETES MELLITUS which is an entirely di?erent disease.

It is characterised by excessive thirst and the passing of large volumes of urine which have a low speci?c gravity and contain no abnormal constituents. It is either due to a lack of the antidiuretic hormone normally produced by the HYPOTHALAMUS and stored in the posterior PITUITARY GLAND, or to a defect in the renal tubules which prevents them from responding to the antidiuretic hormone VASOPRESSIN. When the disorder is due to vasopressin insu?ciency, a primary or secondary tumour in the area of the pituitary stalk is responsible for one-third of cases. In another one-third of cases there is no apparent cause, and such IDIOPATHIC cases are sometimes familial. A further one-third of cases result from a variety of lesions including trauma, basal MENINGITIS and granulomatous lesions in the pituitary-stalk area. When the renal tubules fail to respond to vasopressin this is usually because of a genetic defect transmitted as a sex-linked recessive characteristic, and the disease is called nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Metabolic abnormalities such as HYPERCALCAEMIA and potassium depletion render the renal tubule less sensitive to vasopressin, and certain drugs such as lithium and tetracycline may have a similar e?ect.

If the disease is due to a de?ciency of vasopressin, treatment should be with the analogue of vasopressin called desmopressin which is more potent than the natural hormone and has less pressor activity. It also has the advantage in that it is absorbed from the nasal mucosa and so does not need to be injected.

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus cannot be treated with desmopressin. The urine volume can, however, usually be reduced by half by a thiazide diuretic (see THIAZIDES).... diabetes insipidus

Diamorphine is another name for HEROIN.... diamorphine

A procedure used to ?lter o? waste products from the blood and remove surplus ?uid from the body in someone who has kidney failure (see KIDNEYS, DISEASES OF). The scienti?c process involves separating crystalloid and COLLOID substances from a solution by interposing a semi-permeable membrane between the solution and pure water. The crystalloid substances pass through the membrane into the water until a state of equilibrium, so far as the crystalloid substances are concerned, is established between the two sides of the membrane. The colloid substances do not pass through the membrane.

Dialysis is available as either haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.

Haemodialysis Blood is removed from the circulation either through an arti?cial arteriovenous ?stula (junction) or a temporary or permanent internal catheter in the jugular vein (see CATHETERS). It then passes through an arti?cial kidney (‘dialyser’) to remove toxins (e.g. potassium and urea) by di?usion and excess salt and water by ultra?ltration from the blood into dialysis ?uid prepared in a ‘proportionator’ (often referred to as a ‘kidney machine’). Dialysers vary in design and performance but all work on the principle of a semi-permeable membrane separating blood from dialysis ?uid. Haemodialysis is undertaken two to three times a week for 4–6 hours a session.

Peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneal lining (see PERITONEUM) as a semi-permeable membrane. Approximately 2 litres of sterile ?uid is run into the peritoneum through the permanent indwelling catheter; the ?uid is left for 3–4 hours; and the cycle is repeated 3–4 times per day. Most patients undertake continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), although a few use a machine overnight (continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis, CCPD) which allows greater clearance of toxins.

Disadvantages of haemodialysis include cardiovascular instability, HYPERTENSION, bone disease, ANAEMIA and development of periarticular AMYLOIDOSIS. Disadvantages of peritoneal dialysis include peritonitis, poor drainage of ?uid, and gradual loss of overall e?ciency as endogenous renal function declines. Haemodialysis is usually done in outpatient dialysis clinics by skilled nurses, but some patients can carry out the procedure at home. Both haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis carry a relatively high morbidity and the ideal treatment for patients with end-stage renal failure is successful renal TRANSPLANTATION.... dialysis

Sweating... diaphoresis

The shaft of a long bone.... diaphysis

The relaxation of a hollow organ. The term is applied in particular to the HEART, to indicate the resting period between the beats (systole), while blood is ?owing into the organ.... diastole

The pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial wall during DIASTOLE. This is the lowest blood pressure in the cardiac cycle. A normal reading of diastolic pressure in a healthy adult at rest is 70 mm Hg. (See HEART.)... diastolic pressure

A process by which electric currents can be passed into the deeper parts of the body so as to produce internal warmth and relieve pain; or, by using powerful currents, to destroy tumours and diseased parts bloodlessly. The form of electricity used consists of high-frequency oscillations, the frequency of oscillation ranging from 10 million to 25,000 million oscillations per second. The current passes between two electrodes placed on the skin.

The so-called ultra-short-wave diathermy (or short-wave diathermy, as it is usually referred to) has replaced the original long-wave diathermy, as it is produced consistently at a stable wave-length (11 metres) and is easier to apply. In recent years microwave diathermy has been developed, which has a still higher oscillating current (25,000 million cycles per second, compared with 500 million for short-wave diathermy).

When the current passes, a distinct sensation of increasing warmth is experienced and the temperature of the body gradually rises; the heart’s action becomes quicker; there is sweating with increased excretion of waste products. The general blood pressure is also distinctly lowered. The method is used in painful rheumatic conditions, both of muscles and joints.

By concentrating the current in a small electrode, the heating effects immediately below this are very much increased. The diathermy knife utilises this technique to coagulate bleeding vessels and cauterise abnormal tissue during surgery.... diathermy

An archaic term meaning constitutional or inherited state giving an individual a predisposition towards a disease, a group of diseases or a structural or metabolic abnormality. An example is HAEMOPHILIA, a bleeding disorder.... diathesis

See TRANQUILLISERS; BENZODIAZEPINES.... diazepam

Properly diabetes mellitus, it is a disease characterized by high blood sugar levels and sugar in the urine. Diabetes is really several disorders, generally broken down into juvenile onset and adult onset. The first, currently called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM or Type I), is somewhat hereditary, and results from inadequate synthesis of native insulin or sometimes from auto-immunity or a virus, and occurs most frequently in tissue-types HLA, DR3, and DR4. These folks tend to be lean. The other main group is known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or Type II). It is caused by a combination of heredity, constitution, and lifestyle, where high blood sugar and high blood fats often occur at the same time, and where hyperglycemic episodes have continued for so many years that fuel-engorged cells start to refuse glucose, and the person is termed insulin resistant. These folks are usually overweight, tend to have fatty plaques in their arteries, and usually have chunky parents.... diabetes

The diaphragm is the thin, dome-shaped muscular partition which separates the cavity of the abdomen from that of the chest. It is of great importance in respiration, playing the chief part in ?lling the lungs. During deep respiration its movements are responsible for 60 per cent of the total amount of air breathed, and in the horizontal posture, or in sleep, an even greater percentage.

The description ‘diaphragm’ is also used for the hemispherical rubber (‘dutch’) cap used in conjunction with a chemical spermicide as a contraceptive. It ?ts over the neck of the uterus (cervix) inside the vagina. (See CONTRACEPTION.)... diaphragm

A mixture of enzymes obtained from malt. These enzymes have the property of converting starch into sugar. Diastase is used in the preparation of predigested starchy foods, and in the treatment of DYSPEPSIA, particularly that due to inability to digest starch adequately. It is also used for the conversion of starch to fermentable sugars in the brewing and fermentation industries.... diastase

A list of the possible diagnoses that might explain a patient’s symptoms and signs, and from which the correct DIAGNOSIS will be extracted after further investigations.... differential diagnosis

A graph in which each dot represents paired values for two continuous variables, with the X axis representing one variable and the Y axis representing the other; used to display the relationship between two variables; also called a scattergram.... scatter diagram

See dialysis.... peritoneal dialysis

A common condition affecting some children for a period after the introduction of an adult diet. It occurs because the child is unable to digest food properly, perhaps because of inadequate chewing; the diarrhoea contains recognizable pieces of food. This diarrhoea is no cause for concern, and no treatment is needed.... toddler’s diarrhoea

Banaba Tea is a healthy beverage, well known for its ability to fight against diabetes and also kidney ailments. Banaba Tea description Banaba is a medicinal plant used as a natural remedy to treat diabetes. It has dark green leaves that are oblong. During autumn, leaves, acknowledged to be abundant in vitamins and minerals and rich in dietary fibers, turn to an orange-red color. Traditional uses include an infusion from the leaves as a treatment for hyperglycemia. The blood sugar lowering effect of Banaba leaf extract is similar to that of insulin. Banaba tea is normally found in the Philippines and Japan, being an extract from the herb’s plant. Banaba brewing To brew Banaba tea:

• Bring 400 milliliters (1 and 1/2 cups or 12 ounces) water to a strong boil.
• Reduce heat to low and drop in a tea bag.
• Keep at or below a simmer for 15 minutes.
• Evaporation will leave about 250 milliliters (1 cup or 8 ounces) of tea.
• Pour fresh brewed tea into a cup and drink while it is still warm.
• Save the tea bag. You should reuse each tea bag up to four times to achieve effective results.

It is advisable to take the tea before meals: 1 or 2 cups daily. In case of tincture intaking, 2-3 ml is the recommended daily dose (2 - 3 full droppers daily). Banaba Tea benefits Studies have proved that Banaba tea is successfully used to:

• fight against diabetes by helping control blood sugar levels
• control blood cholesterol levels
• lower blood pressure
• help urinary system related ailments
• help in the treatment of diarrhea
• help in the treatment of constipation
• help reducing the absorption of carbohydrates, aiding the weight loss efforts
• help in the treatment of gout
• help in lowering uric acid levels

Banaba Tea side effects Banana tea is not recommended to children, pregnant women and nursing mothers. Patients suffering from diabetes should be cautious when using Banaba tea in combination with other hypoglycemic drugs. Banaba tea could be a healthy alternative to traditional drugs treating diabetes or kidney diseases, but not only.... banaba tea against diabetes

Bitter Melon tea is a bitter beverage, very useful in treating a large array of diseases such as diabetes, but not only. Bitter Melon Tea description Bitter Melon is an herbaceous tendril-bearing vine that grows in parts of East Africa, Asia, the Caribbean islands, and parts of South America. It has dainty yellow flowers, bearing an oblong-shaped fruit that has a pockmarked and warty exterior which turns yellow when ripe. Its flesh is crunchy and watery in texture whereas its skin is tender and edible. The taste of the fruit is very bitter. Bitter Melon tea is the resulting beverage from brewing the abovementioned plant, best known for its efficiency against diabetes. The plant is also added to several types of food, as a culinary ingredient. Bitter Melon Tea brewing To prepare Bitter Melon tea:

• Place a handful of leaves in a pot of boiling water
• Boil the mix until the water turns green
• Let the mix steep for about 5 minutes

The taste is quite bitter. Also, the Bitter Melon fruit can also be made into a tea. The majority of cultures prefer to use the leaves for making tea while the fruit is consumed as an addition to dishes. Bitter Melon Tea benefits Bitter Melon tea has proved its efficiency in treating:

• abdominal gas and colic
• liver problems
• ulcers in different parts of the body
• digestion (It may also help ease symptoms of dyspepsia and constipation)

Bitter Melon tea is said to help in regulating blood sugar levels, being widely used as a herbal remedy by diabetes patients. Bitter Melon tea can be used in the treatment of HIV. Bitter Melon Tea side effects Bitter Melon tea should never be taken in conjuncture with any form of diabetes medication. Pregnant and nursing women should also avoid this tea. Bitter Melon Tea is a natural remedy against type 1 and type 2 of diabetes. It is also consumed for its healing properties when dealing with abdominal gas and colic.... bitter mellon tea against diabetes

Refers to diarrhoeal episodes of presumed infectious aetiology that begin acutely but have an unusually long duration, usually more than 14 days (see also WHO Classification).... chronic diarrhoea

The use of information technology to assist health care professionals in diagnosis. This usually involves a dialogue between a computer system and a clinician. The systems are generally regarded as support systems for clinicians; the final responsibility for decision-making resides with the clinician.... computer-assisted diagnosis

A system used for payment under prospective payment systems. It classifies treatments by diagnosis, measuring the relative complexity of a hospital procedure and accounting for the resources used in the procedure. The system accounts for principal diagnosis, secondary diagnosis, surgical procedures, age, sex and presence of complications.... diagnosis-related group

1 Represents classes of hospital patients with similar clinical characteristics. DRGs form a clinical grouping system which describes hospital discharges according to medical condition. 2 A system used for payment under prospective payment systems. It classifies treatments by diagnosis, measuring the relative complexity of a hospital procedure and accounting for the resources used in the procedure. The system accounts for principal diagnosis, secondary diagnosis, surgical procedures, age, sex and presence of complications.... diagnosis-related group (drg)

Centaury Tea has been known for centuries as a great medicinal remedy. It is said that Centaury plant is a very powerful diaphoretic, digestive, emetic, febrifuge, hepatic, homeopathic, poultice, stomachic, tonic and liver stimulator. Centaury is a plant from the gentian family which grows mainly in regions like Europe, Northern Africa and Eastern Australia. Also known as centaurium erythraea, this plant can easily be recognized by its triangular pale green leaves, pink flowers and yellowish anthers bloom. The fruit has the shape of a small oval capsule and it can only be harvested in the fall. Centaury Tea Properties Centaury has a bitter taste, which makes it a great ingredient for vermouth. Centaury Tea, however, is used by the alternative medicine for its great curative properties. The active constituents of Centaury Tea are: secoiridoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, triterpenes, xanthone derivatives and triterpenes, which can only be released in the presence of hot water or other heating sources. Xanthone derivatives are also used by the alcohol producers in order to obtain a variety of liquors (especially the bitter ones). Centaury Tea Benefits Aside from its use as a vermouth ingredient, Centaury Tea has other health benefits, being prescribed by practitioners around the world since ancient times. Centaury Tea may be helpful in case you’re suffering from one of the following conditions: - Blood poisoning, by eliminating the toxins and increasing the blood flow. - A number of digestive ailments, such as constipation and gastritis. - Anemia, by nourishing the nervous system and increasing the coronary system function. - Diabetes and liver failure, by reconstructing the liver cells and lowering your blood sugar. - Kidney failure, by treating nephritis and other ailments of the urinary system. - Centaury Tea may also be used to induce appetite when taken before meals. How to make Centaury Tea Infusion Preparing Centaury Tea infusion is very easy. Use a teaspoon of freshly-picked or dried Centaury herbs for every cup of tea you want to make, add boiling water and wait 10 minutes for the health benefits to be released. Strain the decoction and drink it hot or cold. However, don’t drink more than 2 or 3 cups per day in order to avoid other health complications. Centaury Tea Side Effects When taken properly, Centaury Tea has no effects for adults. However, high dosages may lad to a number of ailments, such as nausea, diarrhea and vomiting. If you’ve been taking Centaury Tea for a while and you’re experiencing some unusual reactions, talk to your doctor as soon as possible! Centaury Tea Contraindications Don’t take Centaury Tea if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding. Also, children and patients suffering from severe diseases that require blood thinners and anti-coagulants ingestion should avoid taking Centaury Tea at all costs! The same advice if you’re preparing for a major surgery (Centaury Tea may interfere with the anesthetic). In order to gather more information, talk to an herbalist or to your doctor. Once he gives you the green light, add Centaury Tea to your shopping cart and enjoy the wonderful benefits of this tea responsibly!... centaury tea - diabetes treatment

(French) Woman of high value; resembling a diamond Diamanda, Diamonda, Diamantina, Diamantia, Diamantea, Diamante, Diamond, Diamonde, Diamonique, Diamontina... diamanta

(Latin) Of the divine; in mythology, goddess of the moon and the hunt Danne, Dayann, Dayanna, Dayanne, Deana, Deane, Deandra, Deann, Deanna, Dede, Dee, DeeDee, Deeana, Deeane, Dianna, Di, Diahann, Diahanne, Diahna, Dian, Diandra, Diana, Diann, Deandria, Diannah, Dianne, Didi, Dyan, Dyana, Dyane, Dyann, Dyanna, Dyannah, Deon, Deona, Deondra, Deonna, Deonne, Deandrea, Deeandra, Deanda, Deanne, Deeanna, Deeanne, Deena, Dyanne... diane

n. fluid used in the dialysis process. In *haemodialysis the dialysate is purified tap water to which has been added a precise amount of electrolyte solution. In *peritoneal dialysis the dialysate is a commercially produced fluid containing electrolytes with glucose, glucose polymers, or amino acids.... dialysate

(dialyzer) n. a medical device designed to allow controllable transfer of solutes and water across a semipermeable membrane separating blood and *dialysate solutions flowing countercurrent to each other. Most modern dialysers are based on hollow-fibre technology and are tube-shaped. Blood enters the top of the tube and travels, by capillary action, down a large number of hollow microfibres, which are embedded in polyurethane at each end of the dialyser tube for support. Dialysate enters the tube from the side, near the bottom of the tube. It runs in the opposite direction to the blood, around the hollow fibres and separated from the blood by the semipermeable membrane that constitutes the microfibre wall. A number of different dialyser membranes are in use, displaying a wide variety of permeabilities (related to pore size), biocompatibilities (not activating *cytokine or alternate pathway *complement responses in the blood), and costs.... dialyser

n. see cyproterone.... dianette

n. migration of cells through the walls of blood capillaries into the tissue spaces. Diapedesis is an important part of the reaction of tissues to injury (see inflammation).... diapedesis

see exostosis.... diaphyseal aclasia

n. inflammation of the diaphysis (shaft) of a bone, through infection or rheumatic disease. It may result in impaired growth of the bone and consequent deformity.... diaphysitis

(synovial joint) n. a freely movable joint. The ends of the adjoining bones are covered with a thin cartilaginous sheet, and the bones are linked by a ligament (capsule) lined with *synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid (see illustration). Such joints are classified according to the type of connection between the bones and the type of movement allowed. See arthrodic joint; condylarthrosis; enarthrosis; ginglymus; saddle joint; trochoid joint.... diarthrosis

n. a temporary loss of reflex activity in the brainstem or spinal cord following destruction of the cerebral cortex. As time passes this state of suppressed reflex activity is replaced by one of unduly exaggerated reflexes and spasticity of the limbs.... diaschisis

n. a gap between two teeth.... diastema

impairment of heart function due to increased stiffness of the left *ventricle, which results in reduced capacity of the heart to fill with blood during diastole. The clinical effects of this are described as heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HEFNEF). Compare systolic dysfunction.... diastolic dysfunction

n. a drug given to treat conditions in which the levels of blood sugar are chronically low (including *insulinoma).... diazoxide

the coexistence of a severe mental disorder with a *substance misuse disorder.... dual diagnosis

(MODY, monogenic diabetes) a range of rare but important forms of type 2 *diabetes mellitus caused by a single autosomal *dominant genetic defect. The two commonest forms are mutations of the HNF-1? gene (MODY 3), which often responds to treatment with *sulphonylurea drugs, and mutations of the glucokinase gene (MODY 2), causing a mild elevation of blood glucose levels usually responsive to dietary management.... maturity-onset diabetes of the young

see maturity-onset diabetes of the young.... monogenic diabetes

(NIPD) see prenatal diagnosis.... noninvasive prenatal diagnosis

a technique for improving the sensitivity and specificity of bladder cancer diagnosis at cystoscopy using a light-sensitive agent. This agent is instilled into the bladder, taken up by the epithelial cells, and converted into a porphyrin that accumulates only in malignant and premalignant cells. It fluoresces under light of a specific wavelength and is thus highlighted against normal bladder mucosa.... photodynamic diagnosis

separation of the retina from its insertion at the ora serrata (the anterior margin of the retina, lying just posterior to the ciliary body). This acts as a retinal tear and causes a *retinal detachment.... retinal dialysis

the radiological sign of a raised diaphragm, which is observed in many conditions including *subphrenic abscess, previous abdominal surgery, *peritonitis, damage to the nerve innervating the diaphragm (the phrenic nerve), and various lung-related disease processes.... tented diaphragm

(Greek) The flower of the gods Diantha, Diandra, Diandre, Dyanthe, Dyantha, Dyandre, Dyandra... dianthe

Linn.

Family: Caryophyllaceae.

Habitat: Kashmir; commonly grown in gardens, especially on the hills.

English: Carnation, Clove Pink.

Action: Flowers—diaphoretic, alexiteric, cardiac tonic. whole plant—vermifuge. Juice of plant antiviral.

Leaves contain glucoproteins.

A related species, Dicentra anatoli- cus Boiss, found in the Western Himalayas, is used as an antiperiodic in intermittent fevers.... dianthus carophyllus

The operation whereby a part of the shaft of a long bone (e.g. humerus, femur) is excised.... diaphysectomy

A watery evacuation of the bowels, without blood.... diarrhea

Conventionally defined as beginning with the first 24-hour period that meets the definition of diarrhoea and ending with the last diarrhoeal day that is followed by at least two consecutive days that do not meet the definition of diarrhoea.... diarrhoeal episode

A term applied to separation of the end of a growing bone from the shaft. The condition resembles a fracture, but is more serious because of the damage done to the growing cartilage through which the separation takes place, so that the future growth of the bone is considerably diminished.... diastasis

The lower number of a blood pressure reading signifying the myocardial and arterial relaxation between pump strokes. Too close to the higher number (systolic) usually signifies inadequate relaxation of the heart and arteries between heartbeats.... diastolic

(African) Resembling a lioness Diatah, Dyata, Diatta, Dyatah, Dyatta, Diattah, Dyattah... diata

Also called Juvenile-onset Diabetes, IDDM (Insulin-Dependent Diabetes) and Type I, it is a deficiency condition wherein the pancreas does not manufacture enough insulin or what it makes is formed improperly. It is usually inherited, although it may not surface until pregnancy, recovering from a life-threatening illness, boot camp or some other profound metabolic stress. It can have a not-hereditary source, since it seems to enigmatically follow after a viral disorder, and can occur spontaneously as an auto-immune condition. The percentage of folks with non-hereditary Type I diabetes is constantly increasing (or the other group is stable, but total numbers are increasing). Radical environmentalists and tree-hugging Gaiaist Pagans (I’m using the dialectic current to the pro-business backlash of the 1990s, when Green is out, and White-With-Green i$ in) claim this is another aspect of massive though subtle pollution from organochemical soup, which even some Real Doctors admit can cause increased auto-immune disease. (SOMETHING is causing it, at any rate, not simply cola drinks.)... insulin-dependent diabetes

Also called NIDDM (Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes) and Type II (Type II), it generally means you make your own insulin, you eat too many calories, your storage cells are filled and are taking no more fuel, your liver is stuck in a rut and keeps making more glucose out of everything you eat, your brain has no control over its consumption of glucose, but you have run out of places to put it so you pee it out, sweat it out, etc. etc. Also called Adult-onset Diabetes. An Internist may cry out in dismay at this simplification, and there are many subtle distinctions between the various types, as well as a number of distinct hereditary considerations. This, however, is the glossary of an herbalist, and this is the common picture of the Type II person that herbs will help.... insulin-resistant diabetes

Diarrhoea that begins acutely but lasts more than 21 days. The usual enteropathogens are Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, Capillaria philippinensis, Cryptosporidium. Giardia can also be a cause.... persistent chronic diarrhoea

The medical condition that is ultimately determined to have caused a person’s need for medical care. The principal diagnosis is used to assign every person to a diagnosis-related group. This diagnosis may differ from the admitting and major diagnoses. See also “diagnosis”.... principal diagnosis

An organic iodine salt that is radio-opaque and therefore used as a contrast medium to outline various organs in the body in X-ray ?lms (see XRAYS). It is given intravenously. Its main use is in PYELOGRAPHY – that is, in rendering the kidneys radio-opaque – but it is also used to outline the blood vessels (ANGIOGRAPHY) and the gall-bladder and bile ducts (CHOLANGIOGRAPHY).... sodium diatrizoate

See DIARRHOEA; INFANT FEEDING.... summer diarrhoea

Diarrhoea frequently recorded from travellers, especially those visiting tropical or developing regions of the world. Probably the commonest travel-related infection. Although it can be caused by a range of viral, bacterial, protozoan and even on occasions, fungal and helminthic agents, in excess of 80-90% of cases are due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) or less commonly enteroadherent Esch. coli (E.Ad.EC).... travellers’ diarrhoea

Prenatal screening of fetal abnormalities may be the result of screening tests carried out on most or all pregnant women, or as the result of speci?c diagnostic tests performed to detect speci?c conditions. Prenatal diagnosis is important as it will identify babies who might need medical or surgical treatment before or soon after birth. In addition, it may also detect severe abnormalities for which parents might decide to have a therapeutic ABORTION.

ULTRASOUND scanning is probably the most widely used diagnostic tool in obstetric practice. It can detect structural abnormalities such as SPINA BIFIDA and CLEFT PALATE and even cardiac and renal problems. A series of scans can assess whether the baby is growing at a normal rate; ultrasound may also be used to assist with other diagnostic tests (e.g. AMNIOCENTESIS – see below).

Tests on the mother’s blood can also diagnose fetal abnormalities. Alphafetoprotein (AFP) is produced by babies and ‘leaks’ into the AMNIOTIC FLUID and is absorbed by the mother. In spina bi?da and other neural-tube defects there is increased leakage of AFP, and a blood test at 16 weeks’ gestation can detect a raised level which suggests the presence of these abnormalities.

The triple test, also performed at 16 weeks, measures AFP and two hormones – HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN and unconjugated OESTRADIOL – and is used in diagnosing DOWN’S (DOWN) SYNDROME.

Amniocentesis involves inserting a needle through the mother’s abdominal wall into the uterus to remove a sample of amniotic ?uid at 16–18 weeks. Examination of the ?uid and the cells it contains is used in the diagnosis of Down’s syndrome and other inherited disorders. The test carries a small risk of miscarriage.

Chorionic villus sampling may be used to diagnose various inherited conditions. A small amount of tissue from the developing PLACENTA is removed for analysis: this test has the advantages of having a lower incidence of miscarriage than amniocentesis and is carried out at an earlier stage (9–13 weeks).

Analysis of a blood sample removed from the umbilical cord (cordocentesis) may diagnose infections in the uterus, blood disorders or inherited conditions.

Direct observation of the fetus via a viewing instrument called a fetoscope is also used diagnostically and will detect structural abnormalities.

Most tests have a recognised incidence of false positive and negative results and are therefore usually cross-checked with another test. Counselling of the parents about prenatal tests is important. This allows them to make an informed choice which may not necessarily involve terminating the pregnancy if an abnormality is found. (See PREGNANCY AND LABOUR.)... prenatal screening or diagnosis

Anti-diabetics have an ability to counter hyperglycaemia and are of value for diabetes mellitus.

1st degree. Goat’s Rue, Fenugreek Seeds, Garlic, Jambul.

2nd degree. Damiana, Nettles, Pipsissewa, Olive leaves, Karela, White Horehound, Sweet Sumach, Mountain Grape, Fennel. ... anti-diabetics

Herbs with an ability to arrest diarrhoea or soothe an irritable bowel. According to degree, an astringent may have a similar effect. A large group including:– Avens, Bistort, Catnep, Cinnamon, Hemlock Spruce, Holy Thistle, Kola nuts, Matico, Orris root, Rhatany root. ... anti-diarrhoeals

Herbs that induce increased perspiration. Diaphoresis is regarded as a process of internal cleansing. Toxic wastes are eliminated via the pores of the skin thus assisting kidney function. Widely used in feverish conditions to reduce a high temperature and to equalise the circulation. Of this large group, commonly used are: Balm (relaxing), Bayberry (mild), Boneset, Catnep (relaxing), Cayenne, Elderflowers, Ephedra, Galangal, Garlic, Ginger, Golden Rod, Hemlock Spruce, Holy Thistle, Lime flowers, Hyssop, Marigold, Peppermint, Pleurisy root, Prickly Ash bark, Queen’s Delight, Rosemary, Senega, Thyme, Vervain, Yarrow.

For a more profuse abundant sweating Sudorifics are employed: Red Sage, Boneset, Ginger, Angelica root, Virginia Snakeroot, Cayenne, Crawley root. ... diaphoretics

The use of computer technology in diagnostic tests and procedures.

Probability-based computer systems store information on thousands of cases of different disorders detailing exact type, location, duration, symptoms, medical history, and diagnosis.

A patient’s symptoms and medical history can be entered into a computer, which then compares the details with existing data and produces a list of the most likely diagnoses.

Such technology is not currently in common use in hospitals, but is of value for people isolated from medical services, such as oil-rig crews.

Computers programmed to interpret visual data, such as abnormal cells, have potential use in certain types of blood test and cervical smear tests.

Computers are also used in investigative procedures such as CT scanning and MRI.... computer-aided diagnosis

Another name for haemochromatosis, a rare genetic disease in which excessive amounts of iron are deposited in tissues.

It causes a bronze skin coloration, and sufferers often develop diabetes mellitus.... diabetes, bronze

A female barrier method of contraception in the form of a hemispherical dome of thin rubber with a metal spring in the rim.

(See also contraception, barrier methods.)... diaphragm, contraceptive

The dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. It is attached to the spine, ribs, and sternum (breastbone)

and plays an important role in breathing. There are openings in the diaphragm for the oesophagus and major nerves and blood vessels. To inhale, the diaphragm’s muscle fibres contract, pulling the whole diaphragm downwards and drawing air into the lungs. (See also breathing.)... diaphragm muscle

Diabetes that develops for the first time during pregnancy, usually clearing up after delivery.

(See diabetic pregnancy.)... gestational diabetes

Diabetes is a common disease which implies the lack of insulin or the inappropriate use of insulin. The most popular type of diabetes is Type II Diabetes, in which insulin is produced (sometimes in quantities above the limit), but not used properly by the organism. The result is that your blood glucose level will be higher than normal, which means that you have to start a daily regime. If trying a Tea for Diabetes doesn’t seem too ineffective to you, follow our instructions and give it a try, provide that you are well informed before starting any type of treatment. How Tea for Diabetes Works Since your body’s reaction to the abnormality of insulin production is to increase the blood glucose, a very effective Tea for Diabetes’ first task is to lower your blood sugar and decrease your insulin level. That can only be possible thanks to a series of enzymes that work on your affected areas, bringing you relief from pain and improving your general health. What you must know is that this kind of teas cannot replace your traditional treatment, but only work as an adjuvant. Don’t give up on your pills to replace them with a tea in order to avoid a glucose crisis or even a coma. Efficient Tea for Diabetes If you’ve decided to go with a Tea for Diabetes, you can choose one from this list and give it a try: - Green Tea – as you probably know, Green Tea contains all the important nutrients capable to sustain life. It can treat a series of other diseases, but make sure you’re not on your period when taking a treatment based on Greet Tea. - Oolong Tea – a very efficient Tea for Diabetes, very rare, but which can work miracles on you and your health. If you find a provider specialized in Oolong Tea, hold on to it! - White Tea – has almost the same effect as Green Tea, but less contraindications. However, make sure you don’t exceed the number of recommended cups of tea per day in order to avoid digestive tract and nervous system complications. - Centaury Tea – a Tea for Diabetes that has been used as a great pain reliever since ancient times. This tea contains secoiridoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, triterpenes, xanthone derivatives and triterpenes, used for homeopathic and digestive problems and also as a great adjuvant in Diabetes cases. - Ginseng Tea – also a very efficient decoction which can be useful for various affections, such as thinking improvement, speeding your reaction in time, increasing your resistance to stress and detoxifying your kidney and liver. In diabetes cases, its role consists mainly of normalizing your insulin production. - Wild Cherry Bark Tea – having probably the most pleasant taste of all Teas for Diabetes, Wild Cherry Bark Tea is very rich in nutrients and vitamins, such as vitamin C, b-complex and vitamin D. The main ingredients of this tea are Acetylcholine, HCN, kaempferol, p-coumaric acid, prunasin, scopoletin and tannins. It’s also good for bronchitis, pleurisy, colds or flu. - Yerba Mate Tea – probably the most efficient of these teas, Yerba Mate Tea is considered to be “the new green tea” thanks to its constituents. This tea is a great help in almost any affection, but you must be very careful when taking it. High dosages may lead to death! Tea for Diabetes Side Effects When taken according to specifications, these teas have no side effects and are generally safe. However, high dosages may lead to a number of health complaints, such as vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, hallucinations and even death. Talk to an herbalist or to your doctor before making any move! It’s best to be safe than sorry! Alos, do not take a Tea for Diabetes if you’re pregnant, breastfeeding, on blood thinners and anti-coagulants or preparing for a major surgery.These teas could interfere with your anesthetic and lead to death! Once you have the green light from your doctor, choose a Tea for Diabetes that fits you best and enjoy its great benefits!... tea for diabetes

Pregnancy in a woman with pre-existing diabetes mellitus or in a woman who develops diabetes during pregnancy. The latter is known as gestational diabetes. Women with established diabetes mellitus can have a normal pregnancy provided that the diabetes is controlled well. Poor control of blood glucose during the pregnancy may affect the baby’s growth or increase the risk of complications during pregnancy.

Gestational diabetes is usually detected in the second half of pregnancy.

The mother does not produce enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels normal.

True gestational diabetes disappears with the delivery of the baby but is associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in later life.... diabetic pregnancy

A disorder occurring in people who are visiting foreign countries.

Episodes of diarrhoea range in severity and are due to gastroenteritis.

Attention to hygiene, drinking bottled water, and avoiding ice in drinks can prevent a large proportion of episodes.... traveller’s diarrhoea

see prenatal diagnosis.... antenatal diagnosis

the ultrasound measurement used to assess gestational age of a fetus between 13 and 22 weeks. It is the distance between the upper edge of the proximal parietal bone and the upper edge of the distal one, i.e. the greatest transverse diameter of the fetal skull.... biparietal diameter

type 1 *diabetes mellitus that constantly causes disruption of lifestyle due to recurrent attacks of hypo- or hyperglycaemia from whatever cause. The most common reasons are therapeutic errors, emotional disorders, intercurrent illnesses, and self- or carer-induced episodes.... brittle diabetes

see haemochromatosis.... bronze diabetes

Diarrhea is a digestive tract affection that contains of often liquid (sometimes even bloody) stools. This can be triggered by a number of causes, such as intestinal parasites, an unbalanced nutrition, menstrual and menopausal symptoms, uterine problems. Generally, doctors prescribe a diet and a medical treatment, but alternative medicine practitioners consider that diarrhea is not a severe health condition and that you should take an herbal treatment in order to protect your liver from the traditional drugs. The truth is that nowadays more and more doctors would rather prescribe a Tea for Diarrhea than a bottle of pills. The main inconvenience is that, even if teas are as effective as drugs, they have a slow response and you need to be patient before noticing an improvement. How Tea for Diarrhea Works Diarrhea appears mostly when your digestive tract enzymes are produced in a high quantity. A Tea for Diarrhea’s main goal is to decrease the enzymes production and get your organism on the right track. Their action is astringent and they work as a great inhibitor. However, this doesn’t mean that you don’t have to be on a regime. Drinking a Tea for Diarrhea while eating unsanitary food will not improve your condition. You may want to avoid sweet and greasy foods and try a diet based on rice. Efficient Tea for Diarrhea When choosing a Tea for Diarrhea, you must keep in mind the fact that is must be both efficient and one hundred percent safe. If you don’t know which those teas are, here is a list to choose from: - Peppermint Tea – thanks to its astringent constituents, this Tea for Diarrhea will improve your general health by inhibiting a negative response from your body. You can also use it if you’re suffering from colds, flu, anxiety, headaches and migraines, menstrual and menopausal pains. It has a pleasant taste and it’s one hundred percent safe. If you’re thinking about giving up coffee, Peppermint Tea might be the right alternative. - Chamomile Tea – of course, the world’s greatest panacea should never be forgotten! Take it if you are also suffering from diabetes, sore throats or experiencing unusual episodes, such as vomiting or nausea. Some say that it is also a good remedy for blond hair. - Bilberry Tea – although is very rich in vitamin C and it is generally used for auto-immune disease, this Tea for Diarrhea will give you enough strength to resist during the treatment. It will also bring relief if you’re suffering from conditions like pleurisy, pulmonary edema or colds. Tea for Diarrhea Side Effects When taken properly, these teas are generally safe. However, don’t exceed the number of cups recommended per day in order to avoid other health complications. When in doubt, always talk to your doctor or to a specialist in order to gather more information. Do not take an herbal treatment based on a Tea for Diarrhea in case you’re pregnant, breastfeeding, on blood thinners, anti coagulants or preparing for a surgery. Since these teas have a diuretic and purgative property, it may cause uterine contractions. If you have your doctor’s approval and there’s nothing that could interfere with your treatment, choose a Tea for Diarrhea that fits you best and enjoy nature’s great benefits!... tea for diarrhea

(CDH) herniation of the fetal abdominal organs into the fetal chest, which occurs in one in 2000–5000 live births. This leads to pulmonary *hypoplasia, which is the main cause of the associated high neonatal mortality. The risk of pulmonary hypoplasia is substantially greater where there is herniation of the liver into the thoracic cavity. CDH is commonly associated with additional structural abnormalities (cardiac, neural tube defects, and exomphalos), and the risk of chromosomal abnormality (*aneuploidy) is 10–20%. Demonstration of a fluid-filled bowel at the level of the heart on ultrasound is diagnostic.... congenital diaphragmatic hernia

the main British support charity for patients with diabetes and workers in the diabetes field.... diabetes uk

an acute mononeuropathy of the femoral nerve, usually of microvascular origin, associated with chronic poor diabetic control. Symptoms are thigh pain and progressive weakness of knee extension. Examination reveals wasting of the quadriceps muscle group and loss of the knee jerk. It may affect both legs and recovery is usually slow. Treatment is with physiotherapy and improved control of the diabetes; the condition never seems to recur in the same leg. The main *differential diagnosis is of compression of the nerve roots in the spinal canal.... diabetic amyotrophy

the characteristic microscopic changes seen in a diabetic kidney after many years of progressive damage.... diabetic glomerulosclerosis

the combination of features, often found in the hands of long-standing diabetic subjects, consisting of *Dupuytren’s contractures, knuckle pads, *carpal tunnel syndrome, *cheiroarthropathy, and sclerosing *tenosynovitis.... diabetic hand syndrome

a condition in which patients with diabetic sensory polyneuropathy (see diabetic neuropathy) suffer significant trauma to their insensate feet through holiday activities. These may include walking on hot flagstones or sand and wearing ill-fitting shoes. The condition may be prevented with prior education and advice and by maintaining safe footcare practices.... diabetic holiday foot syndrome

a well-recognized period just after the diagnosis of type 1 *diabetes mellitus when only very low insulin doses are required to control the condition. It lasts from months to a few years but inevitably ends, when dose requirements will increase quite quickly.... diabetic honeymoon period

progressive damage to the kidneys seen in some people with long-standing diabetes. Excessive leakage of protein into the urine is followed by gradual decline of the kidney function and even kidney failure. See also diabetic glomerulosclerosis.... diabetic nephropathy

Walnut Bark Tea has been known for years thanks to its curative properties. This tea is astringent, purgative, laxative, a good vermifuge and it has many other styptic properties. This tea can be from the leaves of the Walnut Bark tree, also known as juglans regia, that grows almost everywhere, from the south of China to the Balkans. The tree grows up to 25-30 meters long (75-90 feet) and it has a rather short trunk, with a 2 meters diameter (6 feet). It has big green leaves (about 30- 40 cm/ 1-1.3 feet) and yellow flowers that turn into fruits in the fall. The fruits are also green, with a thin brown layer covering the hard seeds. Walnut Bark Tea Properties The main properties of Walnut Bark Tea involve the ability to treat many health conditions, such as gingivitis, mouth infections, bad breath, constipation, cough, inflammation and impotency. Also, the Walnut bark leaves, applied topically, are a great remedy for damaged hair. The entire tree is used in many areas of interest: the wood is considered as being reliable and long lasting, thanks to its vermifuge property, the fruits are a great nutritional source, offering support in almost any type of diet and the seeds are used to treat some affections of the digestive track. Walnut Bark Tea Benefits Aside from its digestive system benefits, Walnut Bark Tea proves to be a good choice when it comes to: - Detoxification and bowel movements, thanks to its acids and amino-acids - Flushing out worms and other parasites out of your system - Diarrhea and dysentery (as an adjuvant to your traditional treatment) - Treating your sore throat, an inflammation in your tonsils or other conditions of the respiratory system - Treating mouth soreness, herpes or some skin conditions, such as eczema or irritation. How to make Walnut Bark Tea Infusion If you want to make Walnut Bark Tea, you’ll need Walnut Bark leaves. You can also use the fruits, but the tea will have a very unpleasant taste (the amino-acids are much more concentrated in the fruits). Use a teaspoon of freshly picked or dried leaves for every cup of tea you want to make, put it in a teapot and add boiling water. Wait for 15-20 minutes (the leaves are quite woody, so they need more time to release their natural benefits), take out the leaves and drink it hot or cold. If you’re thinking about keeping it in your refrigerator, don’t let it stay there for too long. Make a new bottle of tea every 3 or 4 days. Walnut Bark Tea Side Effects When taken properly, Walnut Bark Tea has no side effects. However, taking too much tea can cause rashes, irritated skin and hives. If you’ve been drinking Walnut Bark Tea for a while and are experiencing some of the symptoms mentioned above, see a doctor as soon as possible and don’t try to cure it yourself! Walnut Bark Tea Contraindications If you’re pregnant or breastfeeding, it’s better to avoid taking Walnut Bark Tea. There isn’t enough information that could lead you in the right direction when it comes to these situations. However, keep in mind that Walnut Bark Tea has purgative and laxative properties and these may interfere with your pregnancy. If you still want to start a treatment based on Walnut Bark Tea, talk to your doctor first. If your general health is good, there’s no reason to avoid Walnut Bark Tea. Save yourself a lot of money by treating your bad breath or your mouth soreness at home. Natural remedies, natural health. Try Walnut Bark Tea and enjoy the wonderful benefits of this tea!... walnut bark tea diarrhea treatment

(DKA) a metabolic state resulting from a profound lack of insulin, usually found only in type 1 *diabetes mellitus but sometimes arising in people of Afro-Caribbean ethnicity with type 2 diabetes. Inability to inhibit glucose production from the liver results in *hyperglycaemia, which can be extreme and lead to severe dehydration. The concurrent failure to suppress fatty-acid production from adipose tissue results in the excess conversion of fatty acids to ketones in the liver (*ketosis) and the development of a metabolic *acidosis, which can be severe. Patients often present with vomiting (from the ketosis), which contributes to the dehydration. The condition is treated as a medical emergency with intravenous fluid and insulin; patients should be monitored in high-dependency units.... diabetic ketoacidosis

progressive damage to the peripheral nerves seen in some people with long-standing diabetes. It most commonly affects the legs, causing pain or numbness working up from the feet. There is no cure but drugs can sometimes be used to control the discomfort experienced, and good blood glucose control may prevent deterioration over time. See also diabetic holiday foot syndrome.... diabetic neuropathy

see retinopathy.... diabetic retinopathy

n. a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of *diabetes mellitus and the prevention of its long-term complications. In the UK most diabetologists are also endocrinologists.... diabetologist

n. a surgical instrument used for the destruction of the skull of a fetus. This rare procedure enables a dead fetus to be delivered through the birth canal (see decapitation).... diaclast

see DSM.... diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

the instillation of saline directly into the abdominal cavity and its subsequent aspiration a few minutes later. If the fluid is bloodstained on recovery an intra-abdominal haemorrhage is indicated. This is a useful diagnostic tool in trauma patients.... diagnostic peritoneal lavage

n. the final stage in the first prophase of *meiosis, in which homologous chromosomes, between which crossing over has occurred, are ready to separate.... diakinesis

(painful bruising syndrome, psychogenic purpura) a rare disorder, characterized by unexplained, recurrent, and painful bruising, typically arising after physical and/or psycho-emotional stress. Classically, ecchymoses spontaneously appear and are associated with a prodrome of warmth and pain at the sites. The condition, which is seen primarily in young to middle-aged women, is induced by trauma and associated with *personality disorders. Research into the syndrome is sparse but recent publications suggest that only a minority of patients experience a serious reduction in their quality of life, that the condition seems to be dermal rather than systematic in most patients, and that it seems to be associated with ongoing stress. [L. K. Diamond (1902–1999), US paediatrician; F. H. Gardner (1919–2013), US haematologist]... gardner–diamond syndrome

diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance that is diagnosed during pregnancy (see glucose tolerance test). Women at increased risk of gestational diabetes include those with a personal history of the condition, obesity, or a family history of diabetes, and those who have had a previously unexplained stillbirth. In most cases gestational diabetes resolves at the end of the pregnancy, but such women are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes thereafter. It is treated by dietary control with or without insulin or metformin to avoid the fetal complications of *macrosomia and hypoglycaemia. See also pregestational diabetes.... gestational diabetes mellitus

(NDI) a condition characterized by *polyuria and *polydipsia and due to failure of the renal tubules to respond, or to respond fully, to *vasopressin. One form of congenital NDI is caused by an X-linked (see sex-linked) dominant mutation of the gene encoding the vasopressin V2 receptor. A rarer form of congenital NDI is an autosomal recessive condition associated with genetic mutations in the gene encoding AQP-2 water channels (see aquaporin). Acquired NDI is much commoner than the congenital form and usually less severe. It is present in most patients with advancing chronic renal failure, is a feature of certain electrolyte disorders (hypokalaemia, hypercalcaemia), and can complicate chronic lithium treatment.... nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Pre-existing diabetes mellitus in a woman who becomes pregnant. Pregnancy has profound effects on diabetic control and insulin requirements, which are almost doubled, and hypoglycaemia is more common. There is an increased risk of many complications, including fetal *macrosomia and *shoulder dystocia, and pre-eclampsia is twice as common in diabetic pregnancies. *Polyhydramnios and preterm labour are also more common. Even in well-controlled cases, delivery is normally indicated approximately two weeks before the estimated date due to the size of the baby and falling insulin requirements with late gestation, which can affect the uteroplacental flow.... pregestational diabetes

(PGD) a diagnostic procedure carried out on embryos at the earliest stage of development, before implantation in the uterus. Access to these early embryos requires the *in vitro fertilization of egg cells: three days after fertilization one or two cells are aspirated from the six-cell embryo; alternatively, tissue is removed from an embryo at five or six days, when it has reached the *blastocyst stage. Isolated cells can then be genetically analysed, allowing the transfer of selected embryos to the mother. One of the major applications of PGD is for the detection (using the *FISH technique) of chromosomal abnormalities, especially *aneuploidies (e.g. Down’s syndrome); the procedure is used mainly in women who have had repeated miscarriages or have failed to achieve pregnancy after several IVF treatment cycles, which could be due to the presence of such abnormalities in the embryo. PGD can also be used to detect defective genes responsible for hereditary disorders (e.g. the commonest form of cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease) and genes associated with susceptibility to certain cancers. When a defect is detected, *genetic counselling is offered.... preimplantation genetic diagnosis

(antenatal diagnosis) diagnostic procedures carried out on pregnant women in order to detect the presence of genetic or other abnormalities in the developing fetus. Ultrasound scanning (see ultrasonography) remains the cornerstone of prenatal diagnosis. Other procedures include chromosome and enzyme analysis of fetal cells obtained by *amniocentesis or, at an earlier stage of pregnancy, by *chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis involves a blood test to analyse cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood. It can be performed during the first trimester and is used for fetal rhesus (Rh) determination in Rh-negative mothers, fetal sex determination in pregnancies at risk of sex-linked disorders, and for some single-sex gene disorders (e.g. achondroplasia). Compare prenatal screening.... prenatal diagnosis