The meaning of the symbols of ai seen in a dream.

See Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.... aids

A variety of chronic symptoms and physical findings that occur in some persons who are infected with HIV, but do not meet the Centres for Disease Control’s definition of AIDS. Symptoms may include chronic swollen glands, recurrent fevers, unintentional weight loss, chronic diarrhoea, lethargy, minor alterations of the immune system (less severe than those that occur in AIDS), and oral thrush. ARC may or may not develop into AIDS.... aids-related complex

A method for treating babies who suffer from alveolar collapse in the lung as a result of HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE (see also RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME).... continuous positive airways pressure

Nearly two-thirds of people aged over 70 have some degree of hearing impairment (see DEAFNESS). Hearing aids are no substitute for de?nitive treatment of the underlying cause of poor hearing, so examination by an ear, nose and throat surgeon and an audiologist is sensible before a hearing aid is issued (and is essential before one can be given through the NHS). The choice of aid depends on the age, manipulative skills, and degree of hearing impairment of the patient and the underlying cause of the deafness. The choice of hearing aid for a deaf child is particularly important, as impaired hearing can hinder speech development.

Electronic aids consist, essentially, of a microphone, an ampli?er, and an earphone. In postaural aids the microphone and ampli?er are contained in a small box worn behind the ear or attached to spectacles. The earphone is on a specially moulded earpiece. Some patients ?nd it di?cult to manipulate the controls of an aid worn behind the ear, and they may be better o? with a device worn on the body. Some hearing aids are worn entirely within the ear and are very discreet. They are particularly useful for people who have to wear protective headgear such as helmets.

The most sophisticated aids sit entirely within the ear canal so are virtually invisible. They may be tuned so that only the frequencies the wearer cannot hear are ampli?ed.

Many have a volume control and a special setting for use with telephone and in rooms ?tted with an inductive coupler that screens out background noise.

In making a choice therefore from the large range of e?ective hearing aids now available, the expert advice of an ear specialist must be obtained. The RNID (Royal National Institute for Deaf People) provides a list of clinics where such a specialist can be consulted. It also gives reliable advice concerning the purchase and use of hearing aids – a worthwhile function, as some aids are very expensive.... hearing aids

A collective term for the passages through which air enters and leaves the lungs (see respiratory system). The term is also applied to a tube inserted into the mouth of an unconscious person to prevent the tongue from obstructing breathing.... airway

Narrowing or blockage of the respiratory passages. The obstruction may be due to a foreign body, such as a piece of food, that becomes lodged in part of the upper airway and may result in choking. Certain disorders, such as diphtheria and lung cancer, can cause obstruction. Additionally, spasm of the muscular walls of the airway, as occurs in bronchospasm (a feature of asthma), results in breathing difficulty.... airway obstruction

See pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive.... obstructive airways disease

A severe manifestation of infection with the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).... acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids)

(Estonian) Woman who gardens... aiandama

(Gaelic) Of the shining light Aibhlin... aibhilin

(English / French / Arabic) One who is wealthy; prosperous / one who is helpful / a returning visitor

Ayda, Aydah, Aidah, Aidee, Aidia, Aieeda, Aaida... aida

(Gaelic) One who is fiery; little fire Aiden, Adeen, Aden, Aideen, Adan, Aithne, Aithnea, Ajthne, Aedan, Aeden... aidan

Acquired Immune De?ciency Syndrome (AIDS) is the clinical manifestation of infection with Human Immunode?ciency Virus (HIV). HIV belongs to the retroviruses, which in turn belong to the lentiviruses (characterised by slow onset of disease). There are two main HIV strains: HIV-1, by far the commonest; and HIV-2, which is prevalent in Western Africa (including Ivory Coast, Gambia, Mali, Nigeria and Sierra Leone). HIV attacks the human immune system (see IMMUNITY) so that the infected person becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections, such as TUBERCULOSIS, PNEUMONIA, DIARRHOEA, MENINGITIS and tumours such as KAPOSI’S SARCOMA. AIDS is thus the disease syndrome associated with advanced HIV infection.

Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are predominantly sexually transmitted and both are associated with secondary opportunistic infections. However, HIV-2 seems to result in slower damage to the immune system. HIV-1 is known to mutate rapidly and has given rise to other subtypes.

HIV is thought to have occurred in humans in the 1950s, but whether or not it infected humans from another primate species is uncertain. It became widespread in the 1970s but its latency in causing symptoms meant that the epidemic was not noticed until the following decade. Although it is a sexually transmitted disease, it can also be transmitted by intravenous drug use (through sharing an infected needle), blood transfusions with infected blood (hence the importance of e?ective national blood-screening programmes), organ donation, and occupationally (see health-care workers, below). Babies born of HIV-positive mothers can be infected before or during birth, or through breast feeding.

Although HIV is most likely to occur in blood, semen or vaginal ?uid, it has been found in saliva and tears (but not sweat); however, there is no evidence that the virus can be transmitted from these two body ?uids. There is also no evidence that HIV can be transmitted by biting insects (such as mosquitoes). HIV does not survive well in the environment and is rapidly destroyed through drying.

Prevalence At the end of 2003 an estimated 42 million people globally were infected with HIV – up from 40 million two years earlier. About one-third of those with HIV/AIDS are aged 15–24 and most are unaware that they are carrying the virus. During 2003 it is estimated that 5 million adults and children worldwide were newly infected with HIV, and that 3 million adults and children died. In Africa in 2003,

3.4 million people were newly infected and 2.3 million died, with more than 28 million carrying the virus. HIV/AIDS was the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa where over half of the infections were in women and 90 per cent of cases resulted from heterosexual sex. In some southern African countries, one in three pregnant women had HIV.

In Asia and the Paci?c there were 1.2 million new infections and 435,000 deaths. The area with the fastest-growing epidemic is Eastern Europe, especially the Russian Federation where in 2002 around a million people had HIV and there were an estimated 250,000 new infections, with intravenous drug use a key contributor to this ?gure. Seventy-?ve per cent of cases occurred in men, with male-to-male sexual transmission an important cause of infection, though heterosexual activity is a rising cause of infection.

At the end of 2002 the UK had an estimated 55,900 HIV-infected adults aged between 15 and 59. More than 3,600 individuals were newly diagnosed with the infection in 2000, the highest annual ?gure since the epidemic started

– in 1998 the ?gure was 2,817 and in 1999 just over 3,000 (Department of Health and Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre). The incidence of AIDS in the UK has declined sharply since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and HIV-related deaths have also fallen: in 2002 there were 777 reported new AIDS cases and 395 deaths, compared with 1,769 and 1,719 respectively in 1995. (Sources: UNAIDS and WHO, AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2001; Public Health Laboratory Services AIDS and STD Centre Communicable Disease Surveillance and Scottish Centre for Infection and Environmental Health, Quarterly Surveillance Tables.)

Poverty is strongly linked to the spread of AIDS, for various reasons including lack of health education; lack of e?ective public-health awareness; women having little control over sexual behaviour and contraception; and, by comparison with the developed world, little or no access to antiretroviral drugs.

Pathogenesis The cellular target of HIV infection is a subset of white blood cells called T-lymphocytes (see LYMPHOCYTE) which carry the CD4 surface receptor. These so-called ‘helper T-cells’ are vital to the function of cell-mediated immunity. Infection of these cells leads to their destruction (HIV replicates at an enormous rate – 109) and over the course of several years the body is unable to generate suf?cient new cells to keep pace. This leads to progressive destruction of the body’s immune capabilities, evidenced clinically by the development of opportunistic infection and unusual tumours.

Monitoring of clinical progression It is possible to measure the number of viral particles present in the plasma. This gives an accurate guide to the likely progression rate, which will be slow in those individuals with fewer than 10,000 particles per ml of plasma but progressively more rapid above this ?gure. The main clinical monitoring of the immune system is through the numbers of CD4 lymphocytes in the blood. The normal count is around 850 cells per ml and, without treatment, eventual progression to AIDS is likely in those individuals whose CD4 count falls below 500 per ml. Opportunistic infections occur most frequently when the count falls below 200 per ml: most such infections are treatable, and death is only likely when the CD4 count falls below 50 cells per ml when infection is developed with organisms that are di?cult to treat because of their low intrinsic virulence.

Simple, cheap and highly accurate tests are available to detect HIV antibodies in the serum. These normally occur within three months of infection and remain the cornerstone of the diagnosis.

Clinical features Most infected individuals have a viral illness some three weeks after contact with HIV. The clinical features are often non-speci?c and remain undiagnosed but include a ?ne red rash, large lymph nodes, an in?uenza-like illness, cerebral involvement and sometimes the development of opportunistic infections. The antibody test may be negative at this stage but there are usually high levels of virus particles in the blood. The antibody test is virtually always positive within three months of infection. HIV infection is often subsequently asymptomatic for a period of ten years or more, although in most patients progressive immune destruction is occurring during this time and a variety of minor opportunistic infections such as HERPES ZOSTER or oral thrush (see CANDIDA) do occur. In addition, generalised LYMPHADENOPATHY is present in a third of patients and some suffer from severe malaise, weight loss, night sweats, mild fever, ANAEMIA or easy bruising due to THROMBOCYTOPENIA.

The presentation of opportunistic infection is highly variable but usually involves either the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the gastrointestinal tract or the LUNGS. Patients may present with a sudden onset of a neurological de?cit or EPILEPSY due to a sudden onset of a STROKE-like syndrome, or epilepsy due to a space-occupying lesion in the brain – most commonly TOXOPLASMOSIS. In late disease, HIV infection of the central nervous system itself may produce progressive memory loss, impaired concentration and mental slowness called AIDS DEMENTIA. A wide variety of opportunistic PROTOZOA or viruses produces DYSPHAGIA, DIARRHOEA and wasting. In the respiratory system the commonest opportunistic infection associated with AIDS, pneumonia, produces severe shortness of breath and sometimes CYANOSIS, usually with a striking lack of clinical signs in the chest.

In very late HIV infection, when the CD4 count has fallen below 50 cells per ml, infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS may produce progressive retinal necrosis (see EYE, DISORDERS OF) which will lead to blindness if untreated, as well as a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms. At this stage, infection with atypical mycobacteria is also common, producing severe anaemia, wasting and fevers. The commonest tumour associated with HIV is Kaposi’s sarcoma which produces purplish skin lesions. This and nonHodgkin’s lymphoma (see LYMPHOMA), which is a hundred times more frequent among HIV-positive individuals than in the general population, are likely to be associated with or caused by opportunistic viral infections.

Prevention There is, as yet, no vaccine to prevent HIV infection. Vaccine development has been hampered

by the large number of new HIV strains generated through frequent mutation and recombination.

because HIV can be transmitted as free virus and in infected cells.

because HIV infects helper T-cells – the very cells involved in the immune response. There are, however, numerous research pro

grammes underway to develop vaccines that are either prophylactic or therapeutic. Vaccine-development strategies have included: recombinant-vector vaccines, in which a live bacterium or virus is genetically modi?ed to carry one or more of the HIV genes; subunit vaccines, consisting of small regions of the HIV genome designed to induce an immune response without infection; modi?ed live HIV, which has had its disease-promoting genes removed; and DNA vaccines – small loops of DNA (plasmids) containing viral genes – that make the host cells produce non-infectious viral proteins which, in turn, trigger an immune response and prime the immune system against future infection with real virus.

In the absence of an e?ective vaccine, preventing exposure remains the chief strategy in reducing the spread of HIV. Used properly, condoms are an extremely e?ective method of preventing exposure to HIV during sexual intercourse and remain the most important public-health approach to countering the further acceleration of the AIDS epidemic. The spermicide nonoxynol-9, which is often included with condoms, is known to kill HIV in vitro; however, its e?ectiveness in preventing HIV infection during intercourse is not known.

Public-health strategies must be focused on avoiding high-risk behaviour and, particularly in developing countries, empowering women to have more control over their lives, both economically and socially. In many of the poorer regions of the world, women are economically dependent on men and refusing sex, or insisting on condom use, even when they know their partners are HIV positive, is not a straightforward option. Poverty also forces many women into the sex industry where they are at greater risk of infection.

Cultural problems in gaining acceptance for universal condom-use by men in some developing countries suggests that other preventive strategies should also be considered. Microbicides used as vaginal sprays or ‘chemical condoms’ have the potential to give women more direct control over their exposure risk, and research is underway to develop suitable products.

Epidemiological studies suggest that male circumcision may o?er some protection against HIV infection, although more research is needed before this can be an established public-health strategy. Globally, about 70 per cent of infected men have acquired the virus through unprotected vaginal sex; in these men, infection is likely to have occurred through the penis with the mucosal epithelia of the inner surface of the foreskin and the frenulum considered the most likely sites for infection. It is suggested that in circumcised men, the glans may become keratinised and thus less likely to facilitate infection. Circumcision may also reduce the risk of lesions caused by other sexually transmitted disease.

Treatment AIDS/HIV treatment can be categorised as speci?c therapies for the individual opportunistic infections – which ultimately cause death – and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) designed to reduce viral load and replication. HAART is also the most e?ective way of preventing opportunistic infections, and has had a signi?cant impact in delaying the onset of AIDS in HIV-positive individuals in developed countries.

Four classes of drugs are currently in use. Nucleoside analogues, including ZIDOVUDINE and DIDANOSINE, interfere with the activity of the unique enzyme of the retrovirus reverse transcriptase which is essential for replication. Nucleotide analogues, such as tenofovir, act in the same way but require no intracellular activation. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as nevirapine and EFAVIRENZ, act by a di?erent mechanism on the same enzyme. The most potent single agents against HIV are the protease inhibitors, such as lopinavir, which render a unique viral enzyme ineffective. These drugs are used in a variety of combinations in an attempt to reduce the plasma HIV viral load to below detectable limits, which is achieved in approximately 90 per cent of patients who have not previously received therapy. This usually also produces a profound rise in CD4 count. It is likely, however, that such treatments need to be lifelong – and since they are associated with toxicities, long-term adherence is di?cult. Thus the optimum time for treatment intervention remains controversial, with some clinicians believing that this should be governed by the viral load rising above 10,000 copies, and others that it should primarily be designed to prevent the development of opportunistic infections – thus, that initiation of therapy should be guided more by the CD4 count.

It should be noted that the drug regimens have been devised for infection with HIV-1; it is not known how e?ective they are at treating infection with HIV-2.

HIV and pregnancy An HIV-positive woman can transmit the virus to her fetus, with the risk of infection being particularly high during parturition; however, the risk of perinatal HIV transmission can be reduced by antiviral drug therapy. In the UK, HIV testing is available to all women as part of antenatal care. The bene?ts of antenatal HIV testing in countries where antiviral drugs are not available are questionable. An HIV-positive woman might be advised not to breast feed because of the risks of transmitting HIV via breastmilk, but there may be a greater risk associated with not breast feeding at all. Babies in many poor communities are thought to be at high risk of infectious diseases and malnutrition if they are not breast fed and may thus be at greater overall risk of death during infancy.

Counselling Con?dential counselling is an essential part of AIDS management, both in terms of supporting the psychological wellbeing of the individual and in dealing with issues such as family relations, sexual partners and implications for employment (e.g. for health-care workers). Counsellors must be particularly sensitive to culture and lifestyle issues. Counselling is essential both before an HIV test is taken and when the results are revealed.

Health-care workers Health-care workers may be at risk of occupational exposure to HIV, either through undertaking invasive procedures or through accidental exposure to infected blood from a contaminated needle (needlestick injury). Needlestick injuries are frequent in health care – as many as 600,000 to 800,000 are thought to occur annually in the United States. Transmission is much more likely where the worker has been exposed to HIV through a needlestick injury or deep cut with a contaminated instrument than through exposure of mucous membranes to contaminated blood or body ?uids. However, even where exposure occurs through a needlestick injury, the risk of seroconversion is much lower than with a similar exposure to hepatitis C or hepatitis B. A percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood in a health-care setting is thought to carry a risk of about one infection per 300 injuries (one in 1,000 for mucous-membrane exposure), compared with one in 30 for hepatitis C, and one in three for hepatitis B (when the source patient is e-antigen positive).

In the event of an injury, health-care workers are advised to report the incident immediately where, depending on a risk assessment, they may be o?ered post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). They should also wash the contaminated area with soap and water (but without scrubbing) and, if appropriate, encourage bleeding at the site of injury. PEP, using a combination of antiretroviral drugs (in a similar regimen to HAART – see above), is thought to greatly reduce the chances of seroconversion; it should be commenced as soon as possible, preferably within one or two hours of the injury. Although PEP is available, safe systems of work are considered to o?er the greatest protection. Double-gloving (latex gloves remove much of the blood from the surface of the needle during a needlestick), correct use of sharps containers (for used needles and instruments), avoiding the resheathing of used needles, reduction in the number of blood samples taken from a patient, safer-needle devices (such as needles that self-blunt after use) and needleless drug administration are all thought to reduce the risk of exposure to HIV and other blood-borne viruses. Although there have been numerous cases of health-care workers developing HIV through occupational exposure, there is little evidence of health-care workers passing HIV to their patients through normal medical procedures.... aids/hiv

(Celtic) In mythology, a great warrior woman; also a woman who turned her stepchildren into swans Aoife... aife

(Irish) One who is pleasant and agreeable... aifric

(French) Resembling the sweet- brier rose Aiglentina... aiglentine

(Greek) One who is pure... aikaterine

(English) Of the oak tree... aiken

(Japanese) Little one who is dearly loved... aiko

(Finnish / Scottish) One who bears light / from a protected place Ailia, Aili, Ailie... aila

(Hawaiian) Woman who holds rank as high chief

Aelani, Aelaney, Ailana, Ailanah, Ailanie, Ailany, Ailaney, Ailanea, Ailaneah... ailani

Roxb.

Family: Simaroubaceae.

Habitat: Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Orissa and southern India.

English: Tree of Heaven, Maharukh.

Ayurvedic: Aralu, Katvanga, Dirghavranta, Puutivrksha, Bhallu- ka. (Mahaanimba is a synonym of Melia azedarach Linn.)

Siddha: Perru, Perumaruttu, Peruppi.

Action: Bark—bitter, astringent, febrifuge, anthelminitic, antispas- modic, expectorant (used in asthma, bronchitis). Also used for dysentery as a substitute for Holarrhena antidysenterica.

Bark and leaves—used as tonic in debility, especially after childbirth. Leaves—used as adulterant for Ad- hatoda zeylanica leaves.

Along with other therapeutic applications, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India indicates the use of stembark in high fevers and giddiness.

The bark contains several quassi- noids including ailanthone derivatives. They exhibit antitumour activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukaemia and are cytotoxic against KB test system.

Dosage: Stembark—1-3 g (API Vol. III.) Decoction—50-100 ml. (CCRAS.)... ailanthus excelsa

Desf.

Synonym: A. altissima (Mill.) Swingle

Family: Simaroubaceae.

Habitat: Native of China and Japan. Found in the hills of northern India up to an altitude of 2,400 m.

English: Tree of Heaven, Ailanto.

Ayurvedic: Aralu (related sp.).

Action: Bark—astringent, anti- spasmodic, parasiticidal, narcotic, cardiac depressant (exercises powerful depressing influence on nervous system similar to that of tobacco).

Leaves produce dermatitis; their accumulation in well-water produces chronic gastritis.

Many quassinoids and ailanthone derivatives are vermifuge and amoe- bicidal. Constituents of the bark and stem, particularly ailanthone, have an- timalarial activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum and in mice against P. berghei. (Alkaloids do not appear to have these properties.) Some quassinoids are antineoplastic, and are reported to have antileukaemic properties.

The rootbark is used in traditional Chinese medicine for dysentery and leucorrhoea. In Africa, rootbark is used in epilepsy.... ailanthus glandulosa

(Irish) Of noble character; one who is bright... ailbhe

(Irish / Scottish) Light-bearer / from the green meadow

Ailean, Ailein, Ailene, Ailin, Aillen, Ailyn, Alean, Aleane, Ayleen, Aylean, Ayleyn, Aylin, Aylein, Aylyn, Aileana, Aileene, Ailey... aileen

(Mandarin) A clever love Ailyng... ailing

(Irish) One who is noble and kind Ailish, Ailyse, Ailesh, Ailisa, Ailise... ailis

(Gaelic) One of great beauty... aille

(German) One who is sweet and pleasant; of the nobility Ailne... ailna

DC.

Synonym: A. triphysa (Dennst.) Alston.

Family: Simaroubaceae.

Habitat: The evergreen forests of western Ghats from Konkan southwards.

Siddha: Perumaram.

Folk: Guggul-dhuupa. (Maharashtra.)

Action: Bark—febrifuge, carminative (given in typhoid, dyspepsia and constipation). Oleo resin— used for dysentery and bronchitis.

The bark and roots give a number of beta-carboline alkaloids. The resin- uous exudates from trunk give several triterpenoids, including malabaricol and malabaricanediol.... ailanthus malabarica

Ailanthus tea was at first used only in Asia, but nowadays, due to its healthy properties, it is consumed worldwide. It can be a natural option in treating diarrhea or diphtheria, but not only. Ailanthus Tea description Ailanthus, or “the tree of life”, is native to Asia and has a long history, being first mentioned in ancient Chinese literature. This tree is said to be an intrusive plant, known for breaking into gardens and cracking walls in the process. It has been used as an ornamental plant, but also as an herbal remedy for a variety of ailments and diseases. Studies revealed that ailanthus bark has bitter, astringent and cooling properties. In traditional Chinese medicine, the bark is associated with the governing meridians of the large intestines, the stomach and the liver. Ailanthus tea is a beverage used mainly in Chinese traditional medicine.  It can either be made of the bark or the flowers of the plant. The bark is acknowledged to “clear heat” and stop bleeding while the flowers are considered to help in the treatment of infectious diseases. Ailanthus Tea brewing To brew Ailanthus tea:

• put the granules into a cup
• put 50-100ml boiling water into the cup and stir it with a spoon
• drink it when it is lukewarm

The dosage is for adults, one sachet each time, twice a day. For children, the dosage should be reduced according to the weight. Ailanthus Tea benefits Ailanthus tea is successfully used in treatingglandular fever. The brew has proved its efficiency in:

• treating diarrhea
• fighting malaria
• fighting asthma
• helping in the treatment of uterine bleeding or menorrhagia
• fighting scarlet fever
• fighting diphtheria
• fighting typhoid fever
• fighting palpitations, asthma and epilepsy

Ailanthus Tea side effects There have been no side effects associated with intaking Ailanthus tea. However, consumers should consult a licensed health care provider before drinking it. Ailanthus tea is benefic in treating a large array of diseases, being an important ingredient in the pharmaceutical industry.... ailanthus tea: a healing tea

(Gaelic / Hebrew) From the island of elves / consecrated to God Ailsah, Ailse, Ailsie, Ailsia... ailsa

(Latin) From the garden of flowers Aimatiah, Aimatea, Aimateah, Aymatia, Aymatiah, Aymatea, Aymateah... aimatia

(Teutonic) A hardworking woman

Aimilianah, Aimilianna, Aimilionia... aimiliana

(African) Child born of a complicated delivery... aina

(Celtic) One who brings brightness and joy... aine

(Irish) Heaven’s messenger; angel Aingealag... aingeal

(Basque) Refers to the Virgin Mary; chaste

Ainhoah, Aenhoa, Aenhoah... ainhoa

(Arabic) Resembling a spring flower Ainie, Ainy, Ainey, Ainee, Ainea, Aineah, Ainye... aini

(Greek) One who is swift Ainiah, Ainea, Aineah, Aynia, Ayniah, Aynea, Ayneah... ainia

(Scottish) One’s own meadow Ainslie, Ainslea, Ainslee, Ainsleigh, Ainsly, Ainslei, Aynslie, Aynslea, Aynslee, Aynsleigh, Aynsley, Aynslie, Aynsly, Ainsleah, Aynsleah, Ainslye... ainsley

DC.

Family: Compositae; Asteraceae.

Habitat: The Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at altitudes of 2,400 m, extending to Khasi hills of Meghalaya.

Folk: Karui Buuti (Garhwal).

Action: Powdered roots—used for quick relief from acute stomach ache; diuretic.

A related sp., A. latifolia Sch-Bip., is used as an adulterant to Podophyllum emodi.... ainsliaea aptera

(Basque) One who holds the glory Aintzane... aintza

(Greek) Everlasting life Aioniah, Aionea, Aioneah, Ayonia, Ayoniah, Ayonea, Ayoneah... aionia

(American) Of the wind Aera... aira

(Celtic) One who is pleasant and agreeable

Airick, Airik, Aeric, Aerick, Aerik... airic

(Greek) Of the celestial spheres; ethereal

Airlia, Aerla, Aerlia... airla

(Irish) A promise; an oath... airleas

(Celtic) In mythology, the goddess of herbalism

Airmeda, Aermed, Aermeda... airmed

(Arabic) Lively; womanly; the name of the prophet Muhammad’s favorite wife Aiesha, Aishia, Aesha, Aeshia, Aaisha, Aieysha, Aheesha, Aischa, Aisa, Aiysha, Ayse, Aysa, Aysha, Aysia, Aeesha, Aeeshah, Aeshah, Aishah, Aisia, Aisiah, Asha, Ashah, Ashia, Ashiah, Ayeesa, Ayeesah, Ayeesha, Ayeeshah, Ayeisa, Ayeisah, Ayeisha, Ayeishah, Ayisa, Ayisah, Ayisha, Ayishah, Ayesha, Ayska... aisha

(English) From the ash-tree meadow Aisly, Aisli, Aislie, Aislee, Aisleigh, Aislye, Aysley, Aysli, Ayslie, Aysly, Ayslye, Ayslee, Aysleigh, Aislea, Ayslea, Aisleah, Aysleah... aisley

(Irish) A dream or vision; an inspiration

Aislin, Ayslin, Ayslinn, Ayslyn, Ayslynn, Aislyn, Aisylnn, Aislinn... aisling

(African) One who is thankful Aisa... aissa

(Estonian) One who is helpful Aitamah, Aytama, Aytamah... aitama

(Portuguese) The glorious one Aitanah, Aitanna, Aitanne, Aitann, Aitannah... aitana

(Greek) Of the wind Aitheriah, Aitherea, Aithereah, Aytheria, Aytheriah, Aytherea, Aythereah... aitheria

(Hebrew) One who is birdlike Aiyah... aiya

(Native American) An eternal bloom; forever beautiful Aiyanna, Ayana, Ayanna, Aiyanah, Aiyonna, Aiyunna, Aianna, Ayiana, Ayianna... aiyana

(Spanish) One who has honor Aizza, Aizah, Aizzah... aiza

Bistort tea is widely known as an adjuvant in the areas of treating stomach, respiratory and bleeding problems. It can be intaken two or three times a day to fully enjoy its healthy benefits. Bistort Tea description Bistort is a perennially-growing plant from the Northern Hemisphere. It is normally grown as an ornamental plant because of its small white and pink blooms. It contains vitamins A and C, mucilage and antioxidants, acknowledged for their anti-cancer action. However, Bistort is also cultivated for medicinal purposes, being well-known as one of the most astringent herb. Bistort tea is the beverage resulting from brewing the abovementioned plant. Bistort Tea brewing Bistort tea can be made as a decoction:

• Place one teaspoonful of the dried bistort rhizome in a 250 ml cup of water and boil the mix.
• Let it steep for about 10 to 15 minutes.
• Strain the liquid.

Bistort tea can be consumed twice or thrice a day. It can also be used as a gargle or mouthwash to treat infections inside the mouth. Bistort Tea benefits Bistort tea has been successfully used to:

• treat diarrhea, dysentery and irritable bowel syndrome
• aid in the treatment of diverticulitis
• help treating oral and tongue inflammations
• help fighting pharyngitis and sore throat
• help in the treatment of jaundice
• aid fighting measles and smallpox
• fight hemorrhoids
• ease menstrual bleeding
• help in the healing of wounds, skin ruptures and burstings (when applied topically)

Bistort tea may also help expel worms. Bistort Tea side effects A long-term administration of Bistort tea is not recommended. Pregnant and nursing women are advised not to intake this tea. Bistort tea is a medicinal remedy against several digestive problems and, it also proved to be effective in treating menstrual bleeding, but not only.... bistort tea for stomach ailments

A person who, under the supervision of a home health or social service agency, assists an older, ill or disabled person with household chores, bathing, personal care and other daily living needs. See also “community-based service”.... home health aide

A staff member who has completed a specific requirement of coursework and clinical training and is responsible for lower levels of nursing care and assisting individuals with their daily living activities, such as bathing, toileting, eating and moving about.... nurse assistant / aide

The use of computer technology in diagnostic tests and procedures.

Probability-based computer systems store information on thousands of cases of different disorders detailing exact type, location, duration, symptoms, medical history, and diagnosis.

A patient’s symptoms and medical history can be entered into a computer, which then compares the details with existing data and produces a list of the most likely diagnoses.

Such technology is not currently in common use in hospitals, but is of value for people isolated from medical services, such as oil-rig crews.

Computers programmed to interpret visual data, such as abnormal cells, have potential use in certain types of blood test and cervical smear tests.

Computers are also used in investigative procedures such as CT scanning and MRI.... computer-aided diagnosis

Equipment for increasing the mobility of people who have a disorder that affects their ability to walk. Aids include walking sticks, crutches, and walking frames.... walking aids

a syndrome caused by abnormal development of the brain in which the two halves of the brain do not connect. The *corpus callosum is absent. Affected individuals suffer from learning disability and seizures. They may also have associated abnormalities of the eyes and spine. [J. D. Aicardi (20th century), French neurologist]... aicardi syndrome

n. loss of one or more toes due to slow growth of a fibrous band around the toe that eventually causes a spontaneous amputation. The condition is rare, found mainly in Africa and associated with going barefoot.... ainhum

see BiPAP.... bi-level positive airways pressure

a curved tube to be slotted down one nostril of an unconscious patient, to sit behind the tongue, to create a patent airway. See also oropharyngeal airway.... nasopharyngeal airway

a curved tube designed to be placed in the mouth of an unconscious patient, behind the tongue, to create a patent airway. See also nasopharyngeal airway.... oropharyngeal airway

(SCUAD) severe *rhinitis and *rhinosinusitis that has not been fully controlled by optimal pharmacological treatment.... severe chronic upper airway disease

see BiPAP.... variable positive airways pressure